Journal of Health Science of Thailand

Wet Cupping Therapy, a Forgotten Traditional Practice: Literature Review

Sulaiman Yehmureng — 2026-04-19

Wet cupping therapy or Hijamah, is a traditional health promoting and healing practice that has been practicing in the Middle East for centuries. Considered as a traditional practice or Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), it has been widely used for health promotion and pain relief. However, its popularity has declined significantly, leading to referred as a forgotten Sunnah. In Thailand, Hijamah is popular among Muslims residing in the southern border provinces, passed down from those who lived in the Middle East and from Muslim communities in Malaysia and Indonesia. However, a lack of up-todate academic information, its connection to religious principles, and evidence-based medical practice may lead to risks of substandard practices and increased likelihood of adverse events. This article aims to comprehensively review and synthesize academic literature from international databases over the past 10 years (2015-2024), focusing on the practices, healing mechanisms, clinical benefits, and adverse effects of Hijamah. This information will be highly beneficial for healthcare professionals, academics, and interested individuals in applying it to promote health and provide safe and standardized health care and treatment to the public.

Comparative Study and Integrative Approach in End-of-Life Care: Thai Traditional Medicine versus Western Medicine

Pinyo Sriveerachai — 2026-04-19

Death, being an inevitable aspect of life, is envisaged as a hopeful transition for all individuals.Various methodologies have been proposed, including those from Thai traditional medicine (TTM) and Western medicine (WM), to maximize benefits in caring for terminally ill patients approaching the end of life. This article aims to review a comparative analysis of TTM and WM on key aspects, including indicators of impending death, and last-hours management; and to present a critique on an analysis and integrative approach of both medical paradigms in transitioning towards a good death. TTM defines death as the cessation of heartbeat, breathing, and body warmth, with signs of impending death primarily relying on patient-reported symptoms. The primary objective of last-hours management in TTM is to facilitate peaceful passing, utilizing principles of holistic health along with herbal remedies and therapeutic interventions. Conversely, WM conceptualizes death as permanent brain cessation, characterized by complete lack of sensory perception and brainstem reflexes, with indicators of impending death predominantly derived from medical assessments. The primary goal of last-hours management in WM is to optimize the patient’s end-of-life experience, focusing on comprehensive care for both patients and families across all dimensions of humanity, coupled with pharmacological interventions and multidisciplinary communication. End-of-life care encompasses two stages: diagnosis of impending death and provision of last-hours management. Through the integration of TTM and WM approaches, it is evident that both medical paradigms can mitigate each other’s limitations in diagnosing impending death and synergistically contribute to last-hours management. While they share the common goal of enabling patients to experience a dignified end-of-life journey and peaceful passing, they differ in their management approaches.

Editorial

Wiwat Rojanapithayakorn — 2026-04-19

Journal of Health Science

Wiwat Rojanapithayakorn — 2026-04-19

Content

Wiwat Rojanapithayakorn — 2026-04-19

Situation of Medical Service Utilization, Illness Patterns, and Treatment Modalities of Eligible Migrant Health Insurance in Healthcare Utilization in Public Hospitals under the Supervision of the Office of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand

Nirada Poyim — 2026-04-19

This study examined migrant health insurance coverage and healthcare utilization in hospitals under the supervision of the Ministry of Public Health, Thailand; using secondary data from the Office of Information Technology, Ministry of Public Health, from 2018 to 2022. Qualitative data were collected from in-depth interviews and group discussions with key stakeholders. It was found that during 2018–2022, the average outpatient charge per visit increased across all hospital types, with regional hospitals having the highest costs, rising from approximately THB 965 to THB 1,505, while community hospitals increased from about THB 405 to THB 746. The average number of outpatient visits per case was similar across hospital types (approximately 1.2–1.6 visits per person per year), with community hospitals showing the highest visit frequency. For inpatient services, both the average charge per length of stay and charge per visit increased in all hospital types. Regional hospitals incurred the highest costs, with the charge per length of stay increasing from approximately THB 3,590 to THB 4,921 and the charge per visit rising from THB 7,901 to THB 12,380, while community hospitals, although lower, showed notable increases from THB 2,309 to THB 2,894 per length of stay and from THB 6,192 to THB 10,496 per visit. Qualitative findings underscored the need to expand insurance coverage to all migrant worker groups, review insurance rates for affordability, streamlining health examination procedures, and incorporating preliminary mental health screenings. Additionally, recommendations included engaging local nonprofit organizations to improve services for uninsured migrants and involving private insurers to support migrant workers awaiting social security eligibility. This study provides evidence on healthcare utilization and service delivery among insured migrants; offering policy-relevant insights to support the strengthening of the migrant health insurance system under the Ministry of Public Health in Thailand.

Health Insurance Coverage of Documented Myanmar in Muang District, Samutsakhon Province

Wachiraporn Kasiwattana — 2026-04-19

This cross-sectional survey research aimed to study health insurance coverage and related factors. The sample consisted of 378 legally-immigrated Myanmar nationals aged 18 years and above who were not covered by the Social Security Scheme and resided in Mueang District, Samut Sakhon Province. Data were collected using interviewer-administered questionnaires. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test, with a statistical significance level set at p<0.05. The study results revealed that 74.3% of the sample had health insurance coverage. Their attitudes toward having health insurance and their perception regarding the Migrant Health Insurance Scheme were at low to moderate levels (96.3% and 69.0%, respectively). Nine variables were found to be associated with having health insurance coverage (p<0.05): age, marital status, occupation, income, length of stay in Thailand, access to information, burden of healthcare costs and financial support for purchasing the Migrant Health Insurance Card, health-seeking behavior, and perception regarding the Migrant Health Insurance Scheme. Therefore, relevant agencies should promote and develop a system for providing information on health insurance benefits, requirements, procedures, and guidelines for purchasing and renewing the migrant health insurance card for migrant workers and their dependents. This is to encourage the migrant workers and dependent groups to have accurate knowledge and to enable them to access the Migrant Health Insurance Scheme and its coverage.

Factors Influencing Bullying Perpetration among Lower Secondary School Students in Pathum Thani Province

Kulnaree Hanpatchaiyakul — 2026-04-19

Bullying among adolescents represents a significant public health challenge, with Thailand exhibiting a high prevalence rate of 26.9%. This descriptive research aimed to examine the factors influencing bullying perpetration behaviors among lower secondary school students in Pathum Thani Province. The sample consisted of 220 students from grades 7–9, selected through simple random sampling. Data collection instruments included an influence of violence questionnaire, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and a bullying behavior questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression.

The results revealed that the most prevalent form of bullying was verbal bullying (60.5%), followed by physical bullying (48.6%) and social bullying (43.2%). Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that negative peer influence was the most significant predictor, increasing the likelihood of cyberbullying by 10.627 times and physical bullying by 7.097 times. Additionally, family violence influence increased the likelihood of social bullying by 2.658 times, while social media violence influence increased verbal bullying by 3.325 times. High self-esteem was identified as a crucial protective factor, significantly reducing the likelihood of prejudice-based bullying by 57.1%. In conclusion, bullying perpetration among lower secondary school students stems from complex interactions between individual psychological characteristics and social contexts. Addressing school bullying requires comprehensive, multi-level proactive interventions, including shifting peer norms, strengthening family functioning, and enhancing individual psychological resilience

Forecasting the Number of Pneumoconiosis Inpatients: a Case of Hospital in Chiang Mai Province

priracha suthon — 2026-04-19

From fiscal year 2015 to September 2023, a hospital in Chiang Mai Province recorded monthly statistics of over 4,000 pneumoconiosis inpatients. The time series data revealed seasonal patterns and an upward trend. This study aimed to forecast monthly inpatient cases using three approaches: the Classical Decomposition-Multiplicative model with a seasonal index derived from the Ratio-to-Moving Average method (classical decomposition ratio to moving average: CDRMA), the Box and Jenkins method (seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average: SARIMA), and a hybrid model based on Grey System Theory. The forecasting used monthly inpatient data collected from the CMI reporting system, developed by the Chiang Mai Provincial Public Health Office, covering fiscal years 2014–2023. Among the models tested, ARIMA(1,1,1)(0,1,1)12 was the most suitable, with a 96-month mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 4.44%, lower than the 5.39% from the CDRMA model. The hybrid Grey model, GM(1,1) with error periodic correction (EPC), achieved a MAPE of 1.18% when annual forecasts were distributed into monthly values for 2023. For the same year, the GRMA and GSA methods yielded 9-month MAPE values of 4.88% and 4.05%, respectively. Due to the seasonal and increasing nature of the data, the GRMA model was selected. Forecast accuracy was validated using the Public Health Statistics Report of Chiang Mai Province (Report No. 178), published in early 2024, which recorded 56,937 actual cases. The GRMA method, using GM(1,1)EPC, produced results that were 2.05% higher than the actual figures.

Development of a Health Literacy Assessment Tool for the Working-Age Population at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Thailand

Chaowarin Khamha — 2026-04-19

This study aimed to develop a health literacy assessment tool for the working-age population at risk of type 2 diabetes in Thailand. The study was conducted in five phases: (1) defining the concep tual framework, (2) item generation, (3) content validity assessment by nine experts, (4) pilot testing, and (5) field application. Data analysis included the content validity index (CVI), item discrimination power analysis using t-test, reliability testing using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The sample consisted of 858 working-age individuals at risk of diabetes, selected via multi-stage sampling. The results indicated that the developed assessment tool met the criteria for the item-level content validity index (I-CVI) for all items, with a scale-level content validity index (S-CVI) of 1.00. The overall reliability of the scale was 0.955, and all items demonstrated significant discrimination power (p<0.05). EFA results yielded a five-domain structure comprising 15 items. CFA results confirmed that the measurement model fitted the empirical data well. The goodness-of-fit indices were: likelihood ratio ( ) = 5,786.19 (p = 0.07), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.035 (p = 0.99), CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.98, SRMR = 0.017, and coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.96. In conclusion, the health literacy assessment tool for the working-age population at risk of type 2 diabetes in Thailand consists of five components: access, understanding, decision making, communication with healthcare personnel, and application, totaling 15 items. This tool can effectively identify the health literacy status of at-risk groups at both individual and population levels.

Development of Herbal Product Prototypes for Chemical Allergic Rash Symptoms

Panyarach Kamsua — 2026-04-19

This mixed-methods research aimed to develop a prototype herbal product for relieving chemical allergic rash symptoms. The method was to study and collect information on herbal plants with detoxifying or antidote properties from Thai traditional medicine textbooks. This was followed by a focus group discussion with key informants, including: (1) 15 Thai traditional medicine (TTM) doctors, TTM lecturers, and medical science lecturers from School of Traditional and Alternative Medicine, Chiangrai Rajabhat University; and (2) 5 TTM doctors and village health volunteers in Boonruang Sub-district, Chiang Khong District, Chiang Rai Province. The purpose was held to select three types of herbs that were easily available and could be cultivated locally in Chiang Rai Province: Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl., Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl. and Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. The phytochemical and antioxidant properties of the herbal extracts were tested. It was found that all three herbs contained alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins, except for saponins, which were found in the Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl., and Ipomoea aquatica Forsk, but not in the Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. Then antioxidant activity of each herbs was determined by DPPH assay. It was found that the Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl. showed the best antioxidant activity, followed by Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. and Ipomoea aquatica Forsk., with IC50 values of 0.63±0.06, 1.09±0.05 and 1.99±0.03 mg/ml, respectively which statistically significant (p<0.05). The prototype product was then developed into a concentrated extract for soaking feet. The results of the physical properties test of the product showed that the color of the product was light brown to dark brown, with a unique smell of each herb, and a pH between 5.60-6.75, which is slightly acidic, similar to normal skin. The research results can be used as supporting information for the use of herbal plants to relieve allergic reactions to chemicals according to the principles of Thai traditional medicine, in order to create alternatives self health care for the public using herbs and to increase the value of Thai herbs for local communities.

Innovation on the Application for Calculating the Dosage of rt-PA for Stroke Fast Track Patients

Tipsuda Khamsomsri — 2026-04-19

This study is an action research which aimed at developing an application for calculating the dosage of rt-PA and assessing the time required for dosage calculation to reduce medication errors. This would impact the patient safety by ensuring rapid and accurate medication administration according to the treatment plan. The study utilized a concept of application development using platforms known as Glide Apps and Google sheet. Logical concepts were adapted to configure the application settings. The sample included 21 stroke fast track patients who received services and treatment with rt-PA at the Thatphanom Crown Prince Hospital from November 2022, to May 2023, and 14 nurses at the emergency room being the service providers. Instruments used in this study included (1) innovation: application for calculating the dosage of rt-PA for stroke fast track patients, and (2) satisfaction evaluation questionnaire. Data were analyzed using statistical methods including percentage, average, and standard deviation. The study found that the application was able to effectively calculated the dosage of rt-PA for stroke fast track patients, instilling confidence in nurses at the emergency room for medication calculation, particularly those with less than 2 years of experience in the emergency room, comprising 42.86% with an average satisfaction level of 4.93, the highest level. Moreover, the application significantly reduced the duration of rt-PA dosage calculation. Before the innovation, in the years 2020, 2021, the average time was 90 seconds and 60 seconds respectively. After applying the innovation, the average time was reduced to 5 seconds, resulting in rt-PA administration within 60 minutes (100% success rate). The overall satisfaction level toward innovation was the highest with an average of 4.84. All patients received correct dosages according to the treatment plan. However, the study noted limitations in data editing and quantity constraints due to the platform’s limitations. Therefore, the application needs to divide into multiple applications for handling large inputs. Additionally, this application requires internet connection for operation, making it unusable offline. Future development will focus on enabling an offline mode.

Development of Empowering the Community Health Network Prevention and Control for Tuberculosis Primary Care Unit, Nakhon Phanom Hospital

Pornpimon Boonart — 2026-04-19

This study aimed to develop a tuberculosis (TB) prevention and control model by strengthening community network empowerment within a primary care service setting at Nakhon Phanom Hospital. The study was conducted in the Nakhon Phanom Municipality area. Researchers and community members collaboratively participated in all stages of the research process. A purposive sampling technique was used to recruit 85 participants, including public health personnel, community network representatives, community leaders, and tuberculosis patients. The research process consisted of four phases: (1) planning, which involved participatory operational planning, problem analysis, establishment of an operational committee, clear role and responsibility assignment, coordination with relevant agencies, and review of screening and referral systems in accordance with standard guidelines; (2) action; (3) observation; and (4) reflection. Research instruments included a tuberculosis knowledge test, a self-care behavior questionnaire, a satisfaction assessment form, and a TB screening form. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, and mean) and inferential statistics employing the paired t-test. The results demonstrated that after implementation of the developed model, participants showed significantly improved knowledge regarding self-care (p<0.001) and self-care behaviors (p<0.001). Overall satisfaction with the model was rated at the highest level. Tuberculosis screening coverage among individuals with suspected TB symptoms in the community during the 2022 fiscal year reached 98.43%, and all tuberculosis patients (100%) completed their prescribed treatment regimens. Furthermore, this study led to the development of an innovative community-based tuberculosis prevention and control model, referred to as the “4C Model,” which can be applied to other primary care settings.

Effect of the Development of Intermediate Care Service nn Activities of Daily Living and the Level of Disability in a Community Hospital

Mallika Piromboon — 2026-04-19

Transitional care in sub-acute stroke patients is crucial for patient performance prognosis. This study aimed to examine the effect of developing an intermediate care (IMC) service on activities of daily living and disability levels in community hospitals. This action research had four phases per cycle: (1) Planning, (2) Action, (3) Observation, and (4) Reflection. The research period was between October 2021 and January 2022. The research tools consisted of (1) the Barthel index (BI) Thai version, (2) the Modified Rankin Scale (MRS), and (3) the service satisfaction. The problems with the previous intermediate care service were reported as incomplete rehabilitation, discontinuous home health care, and a lack of integration of patient care by multidisciplinary teams. Therefore, the patient’s healthcare was not covered. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to analyze data. Thirty-six patients were included, who consisted of stroke (n=34, 95%) and fragility fracture (n=2, 5%), aged >50 years. The BI score and MRS were compared at hospital discharge and monthly for 6 months. The BI score significantly increased from the first month (p<0.001), while the MRS score declined in the first month during rehabilitation service care. As a result, it indicated that the development of the IMC services, which continuously provide holistic care, effectively improved patients’ activities of daily living and decreased disability. Moreover, the service rates by the patients, caregivers, and multidisciplinary medical staff were highly satisfactory. This study could be broadly implemented in routine patient care for continuous care after discharge from a community hospital.

An Evaluation of the Implementation of Health Service Provision Policies for the Elderly in Health Region 7: a Case Study of Regional and General Hospitals

Woranut Nakthae — 2026-04-19

This research is an evaluation study aimed at assessing the implementation of healthcare service
provision policies for the elderly in regional and general hospitals, Health Region 7. Specifically, it examines
the establishment of geriatric clinics in hospitals as developed by the Department of Medical Services
for the fiscal year 2023, using the Context, Input, Process and Product Model (CIPP Model). Data
were collected through interviews and questionnaires among 347 participants, including 3 executives,
31 operators, and 313 service recipients, collected. The results showed that the policy objective was
clear and aligned with national policies, including the National Elderly Act of 2021, and addressed the
challenges posed by an aging society. Operators rated the policy context at high level (Mean = 4.06, SD
= 0.40). In terms of input, resources were limited, with operators rating the adequacy and readiness of
resources at a moderate level (Mean = 3.33, SD = 0.64), although operational capabilities in the region
were rated highly (Mean = 3.55, SD = 0.88). The policy was implemented through a steering committee
under the Ministry of Public Health, with monitoring through inspections and evaluations, and the integration
of data management systems through the Department of Medical Services Care Tool (DMS Care Tool)
was rated moderately (Mean = 2.94, SD = 1.03). Regarding the product, the efficiency of elderly
screening and healthcare services significantly improved, with service recipient satisfaction rated at
the highest level (Mean = 4.69, SD = 0.43). Despite these positive results, challenges in integration
were noted. Recommendations include elevating the issue to a national agenda, enhancing inter-agency
integration, decentralizing authority to health regions, and establishing mobile service clinics in
communities to reduce travel burdens for the elderly.

Effects of Self-Management Program for Health Behavior Modification in Group of Hospital Personnel with High Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference, Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital, Chiang Rai Province

Supachok Maspakorn — 2026-04-19

This study was a historical control design aimed to examine the effects of a self-management
program on health behavior of personnel with excessive weight, body mass index (BMI) and waist
circumference at Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital, Mueang District, Chiang Rai Province. The samples
were hospital staff members with excessive weight, BMI, and waist circumference in the fiscal year
2023. A total of 132 participants were purposively selected to compare pre- and post intervention, data
following participation in the change size, lose belly program, which was based on a self-management
approach. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and paired t-tests. The results indicated
that after participating in the program, the average health behavior scores of the participants were
significantly higher than before (p<0.05). Health outcome measures, including BMI, waist circumference,
triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein levels, also significantly decreased compared to before the
program (p<0.05). In summary, the self-management program enhanced participants’ self-management
skills, leading to improved health behavior changes, and effectively controlled weight, waist circumference,
BMI, and laboratory results to within normal ranges. The program can be applied to patients with
excessive weight, waist circumference, and BMI beyond standard thresholds. Ongoing follow-up and
application of this approach in health promotion and behavior modification in normal, at-risk, and chronic
disease groups are recommended.

The Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Soft Skills of Village Health Volunteer Leaders in Chachoengsao Province

Yananthorn Krapthip — 2026-04-19

Transformational leadership is the ability to adapt and change in the right direction, enabling teams
to ride the waves of change with flexibility and adaptability. Soft skills are a key component in helping
leaders deal with obstacles and create an environment conducive to change appropriately. This analytical
cross-sectional study aimed to examine the levels and relationships of transformational leadership with
soft skills, as well as the impact of transformational leadership on soft skills of the heads of village health
volunteers (VHV) in Chachoengsao Province. The sample consisted of 284 heads of VHV clubs at the
village, sub-district, district and provincial levels, using Krejcie and Morgan’s sample size calculation
formula. The instrument used was a questionnaire on transformational leadership and soft skills of village
health volunteer leaders consisted of 3 parts as follows: part (1) a questionnaire on personal characteristics;
part (2) opinions on transformational leadership; and part (3) soft skills. The reliability of the whole
questionnaire was 0.994. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation coefficient,
and multiple regression analysis with a stepwise method, with the statistical significance level set at
0.05. The study found that the level of transformational leadership (mean=4.26, SD=0.56) and soft
skills (mean=4.18, SD=0.55) were at high levels. Overall, there was a very high positive correlation
(r=0.834), with individual consideration (r=0.862) and intellectual stimulation (r=0.815) showing
very high positive correlations. Additionally, the predictors of transformational leadership that positively
impacted soft skills were individual consideration and intellectual stimulation, predicting 74.8%
(R2 = 0.748) of the soft skills of the heads of VHV in Chachoengsao Province, with an error margin of
0.278%. Therefore, continuous enhancement of knowledge in leadership and management will further
develop the potential of the heads of VHVs, enabling them to work effectively with sub-district health
promoting hospitals, district public health offices, and provincial public health offices.

The Effects of Video Media on Knowledge and Satisfaction among Nurses at Prachuap Khiri Khan Hospital

Thanida Hirandit — 2026-04-19

Benzathine penicillin G, after reconstitution, becomes highly viscous. If left standing for an extended
period, it may cause needle occlusion. This medication is indicated for intramuscular administration
only, and it is commonly associated with injection-site pain. In response to these challenges, the
researcher developed a video media to provide guidance on the proper preparation and administration of
benzathine penicillin G for professional nurses at Prachuap Khiri Khan Hospital. The objectives were to
compare nurses’ knowledge before and after viewing the video media and to assess their satisfaction with
the video content. This study employed a quasi-experimental, one-group pretest-posttest design. The
study sample consisted of 45 professional nurses selected through purposive sampling from outpatient
department, emergency department, and various inpatient wards at Prachuap Khiri Khan Hospital. The research
instruments included: (1) the video media on the preparation and administration of benzathine penicillin
G; (2) a personal information questionnaire; (3) a knowledge test; and (4) a satisfaction questionnaire.
Content validity was verified by three experts, and items with item-objective congruence (IOC) values between
0.67-1.00 were selected. The reliability of the knowledge test and satisfaction questionnaire was determined
using Cronbach’s alpha, yielding coefficients of 0.87 and 0.91, respectively. Data were analyzed
using descriptive statistics and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The results showed that nurses’
post-test knowledge scores were significantly higher than their pre-test scores, and their overall satisfaction
with the video was at the highest level. The findings suggest that the use of a video media is effective
in enhancing professional nurses’ knowledge regarding the correct preparation and administration of
benzathine penicillin G. It is recommended that this video media be utilized as a learning tool, with added
focus on the causes of needle occlusion, to support nursing practice.

Formulation and Process Development of Sane Khao Suk Capsules: From Thai Traditional Wisdom to WHO GMP Standard

Thitima Taweetao — 2026-04-19

The Sane Khao Suk Pill is an ancient medicine composed of cannabis, nutmeg, mace, and wet tamarind. Its properties include aiding sleep, promoting appetite, and acting as a mild laxative. Originally, the medicine was in the form of a bolus, which is not popular today. This research aimed to develop the formula from the bolus into a more convenient and standardized capsule, adhering to the World Health Organization Good Manufacturing Practices (WHO GMP). The study explored three development methods: individual grinding, co-grinding, and wet granulation, to create a suitable dry powder for capsule filling. After initial tests, both separate and combined grinding methods proved unsuitable due to the stickiness of mace and the tendency of wet tamarind to revert after drying, which hindered the capsule-filling process. The most effective method identified was the wet granulation technique, which involved grinding all ingredients except the wet tamarind, mixing the powders with boiled wet tamarind water, and then performing granulation and drying for three hours. The resulting medicine was a fine, brown powder with a unique odor, successfully allowing for capsule filling. Quality evaluations showed that the final product complied with the Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia 2020 specifications, demonstrating an average weight variation of 506.2±30.8 milligrams, average disintegration time of 10.30 minutes, and an average moisture content of 3.78±0.23%. The THC content was 12,319.09 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) and CBD 724.34 mg/kg. In conclusion, the most suitable method for producing Sane Khao Suk capsules is the preparation using wet granulation. The researchers had prepared standard operating procedures (SOPs) and quality assurance documentation that government hospitals could immediately utilize for manufacturing. Furthermore, they proposed further studies on the efficacy and safety of the Sane Khao Suk capsules in patients, to provide empirical data for their consideration in the National List of Essential Medicines.

Development of a Realistic Simulated Meat Pad for Suturing Practice

supaporn prarom — 2026-04-19

This study aimed to develop and evaluate an innovative realistic artificial tissue pad for suturing practice, as well as to study students’ satisfaction in suturing practice using the realistic artificial tissue pad compared to a rubber pad. The study was conducted on 30 third-year nursing students from the Faculty of Nursing, Kamphaeng Phet Rajabhat University, in the academic year 2022, selected using purposive sampling. The research instruments consisted of the innovative realistic artificial tissue pad for suturing practice created based on the ADDIE Model concept, and data collection tools for evaluating the use of the innovation, which included: (1) an artificial tissue quality assessment form created from a review of related literature, yielding a content validity index of 0.98 and a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.95; (2) a suturing confidence assessment scale; and (3) an user satisfaction assessment scale. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. The comparison of means was analyzed using the dependent t-test statistic. The study period was from October 2021 to January 2022. The development of the innovative realistic artificial tissue pad for suturing practice utilized the ADDIE Model framework, which consists of 5 steps: (1) Analysis, (2) Design, (3) Development, (4) Implementation, and (5) Evaluation. The development results revealed that the feasibility, safety, practicality, and appropriateness of the innovation had an average score of more than 3.51. The quality evaluation of the realistic artificial tissue pad showed an overall high level of quality (Mean = 4.22, SD = 0.48), with the fibrous characteristic being at the highest level (Mean = 4.66, SD = 0.50), followed by flexibility at a high level (Mean = 4.22, SD = 0.44), and strength and durability against manipulation at a high level (Mean = 4.0, SD = 0.50). The results of the effectiveness study comparing the average scores of students’ confidence and satisfaction in suturing practice found that the average confidence score in suturing for the group using the innovative realistic artificial tissue pad was significantly higher than the group using the rubber pad (p<0.01). Furthermore, the satisfaction score in suturing practice for the group using the innovative realistic artificial tissue pad was significantly higher than the group using the rubber pad (p<0.01).

Editorial Board

Wiwat Rojanapithayakorn — 2026-04-19

หน้าปก

Wiwat Rojanapithayakorn — 2026-04-19

Full Issue

Wiwat Rojanapithayakorn — 2026-04-19