The Long-Term survival in Surgically-Resected Oral and Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: 12-years Retrospective Study
Abstract
The incidence of oral cavity and pharynx cancer is the 6th most common malignancy in male and the 10th in female. Ninty five percents are squamous cell carcinoma. It is common in older adulthood. The prognosis is poor. An aim of this study was to assess the demographic data and to investigate the prognostic factors in estimating response to treatment associated with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in a cohort of surgically-resected oral squamous cell carcinoma (OC) and oropharyngeal carcinoma (OP) patients. Survival probability was calculated according to the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and the differences between variables were assessed with a multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression and hazard ratios (HRs). Participants included 150 patients. A median of follow-up period was 44+/-36.93 months. Ninety patients were male and sixty patients were female. The median age at diagnosis was 65 years. The rate of alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking and betel nut chewing were 48%, 41.33% and 18% respectively. The OP was 16% and OC was 84%. The most common OC location was the gum; 41.54 %, follow by the tongue, the floor of mouth, the buccal mucosa, the hard palate and the lip; 23.85%, 13.85%, 13.85%, 3.84% and 3.07% respectively. The Early stage cancer was 20% and the late stage cancer was 80%. Multiple primary cancer was identified 9.3%. The DFS was 53.33%. At the end of this study, 12 years period, the OS was 50.67%. There were no differences in DFS and OS observed between variables. The OP was more likely to have worse OS than OC (aHR 1.94,95%CI:1.03-3.65, p=0.039) The DFS in young adult, <40 years, was more likely less than the older adult, >40 years, (aHR 2.78,95%CI:1.10-7.02, p=0.031).and also the DFS in betel nut chewing was more likely less than the others. Never the less, up to 38.1% of patients develop locoregional relapse. The local recurrence was 29.2% and the 78.57 percents present within 6 months. The nodal recurrence was 70.8% and the 82.4 percents were detected within a year. The local recurrence patients were more likely to have worse OS than the nodal recurrence patients (aHR 1.94,95%CI:1.03-3.65, p=0.039). In conclusion, there are no differences in DFS and OS were observed between variables in this study. Planning joint treatment for patients to recover from cancer is the ultimate goal. The surgeon requires a good understanding of cancer prognostic factors and also, good skill in the removal of tumors and cervical lymph nodes. Consider irradiation and or provide joint chemotherapy based on indications. Raising awareness of the dangers of oral cancer, Proactive oral cancer screening campaign, Self-detection of oral cancer, then bring them into the treatment system, are the main way to beat oral cancer.
References
World Health Orrganization (WHO) Global Health Estimates: Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex, by Country and by Region, 2000-2019. WHO; 2020. Accessed Oct 13, 2021 https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/mortality-and-global-health-estimates/ghe-leading-causes-of-death
Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries.CA Cancer J Clin.2021;71(3):209-49 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33538338/ doi: 10.3322/caac.21660.
Weerawut I. Cancer in Thailand Vol. IX, 2013-2015. Bangkok: Cancer Registry Unit, National Cancer Institute, 2015 https://www.nci.go.th/th/File_download/Nci%20Cancer%20Registry/In%20Cancer%20in%20Thailand%20IX%20OK.pdf
Warnakulasuriya S. Global epidermiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncol. 2009; 45(4-5):309-16. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1368837508001838 doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.06.002
International Agency for Research on Cancer. Tobecco smoke and involuntary smoking. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Lyon, France, 2004; Vol.83. https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Monographs-On-The-Identification-Of-Carcinogenic-Hazards-To-Humans/Tobacco-Smoke-And-Involuntary-Smoking-2004
Hetcher JL, Sterba KR, Tooze JA, Day TA, Carpenter MJ, Alberg AJ, et al. Tobacco use and surgical outcomes in patients with head and neck cancer. Head Neck 2016:38(5): 700-6 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4472632/ doi: 10.1002/hed.23944
Chen Am, Chen LM, Vaughan A, Sreeraman R, Farwell DG, Luu Q, et al. Tobacco smoking during radiation therapy for head and neck cancer is associated with unfavorable outcome Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011;79(2):414-9 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20399030/ doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.10.050.
Surveillance epidemiology and end results (SEER): SEER Cancer statistics review (CSR) 1975-2018. National Cancer Institute Released April 15, 2021 https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2018/
Tantipasawasin S, Tantipasawasin P Oral Cancer. Chonburi Hospital Journal 2019;44(3): 235-48 https://thaidj.org/index.php/CHJ/issue/view/640
Scully C, Bagan J. Oral cancer. Oxford Medicine Online Accessed Oct 13, 2021 https://oxfordmedicine.com/view/10.1093/med/9780199543588.001.0001/med-9780199543588-chapter-7 doi: 10.1093/med/9780199543588.003.0007
Bernier J, Domenge C, Ozsahin M, Matuszewska K, Lefebvre JL, Greiner RH, et al. Postoperative irradiation with or without concomitant chemotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med 2004;350(19):1945-52 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15128894/ doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa032641
Pruegsanusak K, Preeravut S, Leelamanit V, Sinkijcharoenchai W, Jongsatitpaiboon J, Phungrassami T, et al. Survival and prognostic factors of different sites of head and neck cancer: an analysis from Thailand. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2012;13(3):885-90 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22631666/ doi: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.3.885
Zanomi DK, Montero PH, Migliacci JC, Shah JP, Wong RJ, Ganly I, et al. Survival outcomes after treatment of cancer of the oral cavity (1985-2015) Oral Oncol 2019;90:115-21 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30846169/ doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2019.02.001
James D. Brierley (Editor), Mary K. Gospodarowicz (Editor), Christian Wittekind (Editor) Union for International Cancer Control (UICC). TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours, 8th Edition December 2016 Wiley-Blackwell West Sussex, UK
Tomonori S, Tadaaki K. Hallmarks of cancer related newly prognostic factors of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J. Mol Sci 2018;19(8): 2413 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30115834/ doi: 10.3390/ijms19082413
Ikura T, Ogryzko VV, Grigoriew M, Groisman R, Wang J, Scully R, et al Involvement of the TIP60 Histone Acetylase Complex in DNA Repair and Apoptosis Cell 2000;102(4):463-73 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867400000519 doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00051-9
Grunwald V, Chirovsky D, Cheung WY, Bertolini F, Ahn M-J, Yang M-H, et al Global treatment patterns and outcomes among patients with recurrent and/or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Results of the GLANCE H&N study. Oral Oncology 2020;102:1-9 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31978755/ doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2019.104526
Udeabor SE, Rana M, Wegener G, Gellrich N-C, Eckardt AM. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and the oropharynx in patients less than 40 years of age: a 20-years analysis Head & Neck Oncology 2012;4:28 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22647235/ doi: 10.1186/1758-3284-4-28
Cusumano RJ Persky MS, Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx in young adults. Head and Neck Surg 1988;10(4):229-234 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3235353/ doi: 10.1002/j.1930-2398.1988.tb00004.x.
Ding D, Stokes W, Eguchi M, Hararah M, Sumner W, Amini A, et al. Association between lymph node ratio and recurrence and survival outcomes in patients with oral cavity cancer JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019;145(1):53-61 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30452499/ doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2018.2974.
Scully C, Bagan JV. Oral squamous cell carcinoma: overview of current understanding of aetiopathogenesis and clinical implications Oral diseases 2009;15(6):388-99 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19371401/ doi: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2009.01563.x.
Jerjes W, Upile T, Petrie A, Riskalla A, Hamdoon Z, Vourvachis, et al. Clinicopathological parameters, recurrence, locoregional and distant metastasis in 115 T1-T2 oral squamous cell carcinoma patients Head & Neck Oncology 2010;20:2-9 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2882907/pdf/1758-3284-2-9.pdf doi: 10.1186/1758-3284-2-9.
Bai X-X, Zhang J, Wei L. Analysis of primary oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in inhabitants of Beijing, Chaina-a 10-year continuous single-center study BMC Oral Health 2020;20(1):208 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32680501/ doi: 10.1186/s12903-020-01192-6.
Dan B What to know about Erikson’s 8 stages of development June 15, 2021 https://www.webmd.com/children/what-to-know-eriksons-8-stages-development
Llewellyn CD, Johnson NW, Warnakulasuriya KAAS. Risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity in young people-a comprehensive literature review Oral Oncol.2001;37(5):401-18 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11377229/ doi: 10.1016/s1368-8375(00)00135-4.
Son YH, Kapp DS. Oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer in a younger population. Review of literature and experience at Yale Cancer.1985;55(2):441-4 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3965099/ doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19850115)55:2<441::aid-cncr2820550225>3.0.co;2-5
Chaturvedi AK, Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Hernandez BY, Xiao W, Kim E, et al. Human papilloma virus and rising oropharyngeal cancer incidence in the United States. J Clin Oncol 2011;29(32):4294-301 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21969503/ doi: 10.1200/JCO.2011.36.4596
Chaturvedi AK, Engles EA, Anderson WF, Gillison ML Incidence tends for human papillomavirus-related and -unrelated oral squamous cell carcinomas in the United States. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2008;26(4):612-9 https://oralcancerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Chaturvedi-2007.pdf doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.14.1713
Schantz SP, Yu GP. Head and Neck cancer incidence trends in young Americans, 1973-1997, with a special analysis for tongue cancer Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.2002;128(3):268-74 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11886342/ doi: 10.1001/archotol.128.3.268.
Muller S, Pan Y, Li R, Chi AC. Changing trends in oral squamous cell carcinoma with particular reference to young patients: 1971-2006. Head Neck Pathol 2008;2(2): 60-6 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2807552/ doi:10.1007/s12105-008-0054-5
Shiboski CH, Schmidt BL, Jordan RCK. Tongue and tonsil carcinoma: increasing trends in the US population ages 20-44 years. Cancer 2005;103(9):1843-9 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15772957/ doi: 10.1002/cncr.20998.
Oliver RJ, Dearing J, Hindle I. Oral cancer in young adults: report of three cases and review of the literature. BDJ 2000;188(7): 362-5 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10816924/ doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4800481
Lee C-C, Ho H-C, Chen H-L, Hsiao S-H, Hwang J-H, Hung S-K. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue in young patients: a matched-pair analysis Acta Otolaryngol. 2007;127(11):1214-7 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00016480701230910?journalCode=ioto20 doi:10.1080/00016480701230910
Van Monsjou HS, Lopez-Yurda MI, Hauptmann M, Van Den Brekel MWM, Balm AJM, Wreesmann VB, et al. Oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in young patients: the Netherlands Cancer Institute experience. Head Neck. 2013;35(1):94-102 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22431238/ doi: 10.1002/hed.22935.
Warnakulasuriya S, Mark V, Moller H Oral cancer survival in young people in South East England Oral Oncol 2007;43(10):982-6 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17350878/ doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.11.021.
Jethwa AR, Khariwala SS. Tobacco related carcinogenesis in head and neck cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2017; 36(3): 411-23 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28801840/ doi: 10.1007/s10555-017-9689-6.
Curry JM, Tuluc M, Whitaker-Menezes D, Ames JA, Anantharaman A, Butera A, et al. Cancer metabolism, stemness and tumor recurrence: MCT1 and MCT4 are functional biomarkers of metabolic symbiosis in head and neck cancer. Cell Cycle 2013;12(9):1371-84 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23574725/ doi: 10.4161/cc.24092.
Domingo-Vidal M, Whitaker-Menezes D, Martos-Rus C, Tassone P, Snyder CM, Tuluc M, et al. Cigarette smoke induces metabolic reprogramming of the tumor stroma in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Cancer Res 2019;17(9):1893-1909. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31239287/ doi: 10.1158/1541-7786.
Blot Wj, McLaughlin JK, Winn DM, Greenberg RS, Preston-Martin S, Bernstein L Smoking and drinking in relation to oral and pharyngeal cancer. Cancer Res.1988;48(11):3282-7 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3365707/
Wyss A, Hashibe M, Chuang S-C, Amy Lee Y-C, Zhang Z-F, Yu G-P Cigarette, cigar, and pipe smoking and the risk of head and neck cancers: pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidermiology Consortium Am J Epidermiol 2013;178(5):679-90 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23817919/ doi: 10.1093/aje/kwt029.
Platek AJ, Jayaprakash V, Merzianu M, Platek ME, Cohan DM, Hicks Jr WL, et al.Smoking cessation is associated with improved survival in oropharynx cancer treated by chemoradiotion Laryngoscope 2016;126(12):2733-8 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27346612/ doi: 10.1002/lary.26083.
Van Imhoff LC, Kranenburg GG, Macco S, Nijman NL, Van Overbeeke EJ, Wegner I, et al.Prognostic value of continued smoking on survival and recurrence rates in patients with head and neck cancer: a systematic review.Head Neck 2016;38(suppl 1) :E2214-20 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25900211/ doi: 10.1002/hed.24082.
Shiels MS, Gibson T, Sampson J, Albanes D, Andreotti G, Freeman LB, et al. Cigarette smoking prior to first cancer and risk of second smoking-associated cancers among survivors of bladder, kidney, head and neck, and stage I lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2014;32(35):3989-95 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4251962/ doi: 10.1200/JCO.2014.56.8220
Cariati P, Cabello-Serrano A, Perez-de Perceval-Tara M, Monsalve-Iglesias F, Martinez-Lara I Oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in young adults: A retrospective study in Granada University Hospital Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Buccal.2017;22(6):e679-85 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5813985/ doi:10.4317/medoral.21755
Uwe W, Shyam BV, Fareedi MA, Kishor P. Oral submucous fibrosis: an update Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology 2015;8:193-204 https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.cuml1.md.chula.ac.th/pmc/articles/PMC4401336/pdf/ccid-8-193.pdf doi: 10.2147/CCID.S80576
D’Souza G, Kreimer Ar, Viscidi R, Pawlita M, Fakhry C, Koch WM, et al. Case-control study of human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer. N Engl J Med 2007;356: 1944-56 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa065497 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa065497
Benard VB, Johnson CJ, Thompson TD, Roland KB, Lai SM, Cokkinides V, et al. Examining the association between socioeconomic status and potential human papillomavirus-associated cancers. Cancer 2008;113(10 Suppl):2910-8 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18980274/ doi: 10.1002/cncr.23742.
Benson E, Li R, Eisele D, Fakhry C The clinical impact of HPV tumor status upon head and neck squamous cell carcinomas Oral Oncol 2014; 50(6):565-74 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24134947/ doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.09.008.
Moore SR, Johnson NW, Pierce AM, Wilson DF. The epidemiology of tongue cancer: a review of global incidence Oral Dis 2000;6(2):75-84 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10702783/ doi: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2000.tb00105.x.
Ng JH, Iyer NG, Tan M-H, Edgren G. Changing epidemiology of oral squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue: A global study. Head Neck 2017;39(2):297-304 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27696557/ doi: 10.1002/hed.24589.
Patel SC, Carpenter WR, Tyree S, Couch ME, Weissler M, Hackman T, et al. Increasing incidence of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma in young white women, age 18 to 44 years. J Clin Oncol 2011;29(11):1488-94 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21383286/ doi: 10.1200/JCO.2010.31.7883.
Asakage T, Yokose T, Mukai K, Tsugane S, Tsubono Y, Asai M, et al. Tumor thickness predicts cervical metastasis in patients with stage I/II carcinoma of the tongue. Cancer 1998;82(8):1443-8 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9554518/ doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19980415)82:8<1443::aid-cncr2>3.0.co;2-a.
Po Wing Yuen A, Lam KY, Wong A, Lin Chow T, Fun Yuen W, Ignace Wei W. Prognostic factors of clinically stage I and II oral tongue carcinoma: A comparative study of stage, thickness, shape, growth pattern, invasive front malignancy grading, Martinez-Gimeno score, and pathologic features. Head Neck 2002;24(6):513-20 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12112547/ doi: 10.1002/hed.10094.)
Byers RM, El-Naggar AK, Lee YY, Rao B, Fornage B, Terry NH, et al. Can we detect or predict the presence of occult nodal metastases in patients with squamous carcinoma of the oral tongue? Head Neck 1998;20(2):138-44 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9484945/ doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0347(199803)20:2<138::aid-hed7>3.0.co;2-3
Sakata J, Yamana K, Yoshida R, Matsuoka Y, Kawahara K, Areta H, et al. Tumor budding as a novel predictor of occult metastasis in cT2N0 tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2018;76:1-8 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29307623/ doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.12.021.
Huang SH, Hwang D, Lockwood G, Predictive value of tumor thickness for cervical lymph-node involvement in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity: a meta-analysis of reported studies. Cancer 2009;115(7):1489-97 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19197973/ doi: 10.1002/cncr.24161
Woolgar JA: Histopathological prognosticators, in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma Oral Oncol 2006;42(3):229-39 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16150633/ doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2005.05.008.
Garzino-Demo P, Dell Acqua A, Dalmasso P, Fasolis M, La Terra Maggiore GM, Ramieri G, et al. Clinicopathological parameters and outcome of 245 patients operated for oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2006;34(6):344-50 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16859913/ doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2006.04.004.
Cracchiolo Jr, Xu B, Migliacci JC, Katabi N, Pfister DG, Lee NY, et al. Patterns of recurrence in oral tongue cancer with perineural invasion. Head Neck 2018;40(6):1287-95 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29522275/ doi: 10.1002/hed.25110.
Oliveira L-L, Bergmann A, Melo A-C, Thuler L-C. Prognostic factors associated with overall survival in patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2020;25(4):e523-31 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32520923/ doi: 10.4317/medoral.23558.
Rusthoven K, Ballonoff A, Raben D, Chen C Poor prognosis in patients with stage I and II oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma Cancer 2008;112(2):345-51 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18041071/ doi: 10.1002/cncr.23183.
Teichgraeber JF, Clairmont AA The incidence of occult metastases for cancer of the oral tongue and floor of the mouth: treatment rationale. Head Neck Surg. 1984;7(1):15-21 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6490380/ doi: 10.1002/hed.2890070105.
Keski-Santti H, Atula T, Tornwall J, Koivunen P, Makitie A Elective neck treatment versus observation in patients with T1/T2 No squamous cell carcinoma of oral tongue Oral Oncol.2006;42(1):96-101 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16256414/ doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2005.06.018.
Lam KH, Wong J, Lim ST, Ong GB Surgical treatment of cervical lymph nodes in carcinoma of the tongue. Aust N Z J Surg.1980;50(1):37-41 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6928757/ doi: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.1980.tb04487.x.
Moore C, Kuhns JG, Greenberg RA. Thickness as prognostic aid in upper aerodigestive tract cancer. Arch Surg. 1986;121(12):1410-4 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3789911/ doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1986.01400120060009.
Hayashi T, Ito J, Taira S, Katsura K. The relationship of primary tumor thickness in carcinoma of the tongue to subsequent lymph node metastasis Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2001;30(5):242-5 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11571541/ doi: 10.1038/sj/dmfr/4600615.
Bier-Laning CM, Durazo-Arvizu R, Muzaffar K, Petruzzelli Gj Primary tumor thickness as a risk factor for contralateral cervical metastases in T1/T2 oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Laryngoscope 2009;119(5):883-8 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19180635/ doi: 10.1002/lary.20141.
Denis F, Garaud P, Manceau A, Beutter P, Garand G, Floch OL, et al. Prognostic value of the number of involved nodes after neck dissection in oropharyngeal and oral cavity carcinoma. Cancer Radiother. 2001; 5(1): 12-22 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11236531/ doi: 10.1016/s1278-3218(00)00017-2.
Lee C-C, Ho H-C, Su Y-C, Lee M-S, Hung S-K, Chen Y-L. The prognostic ability of Log Odds of positive lymph nodes in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma Medicine (Baltimore) 2015;94(27):e1069 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26166079/ doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000001069.
Greenberg JS, El Naggar AK, Mo V, Roberts D, Myers JN. Disparity in pathologic and clinical lymph node staging in oral tongue carcinoma: Implication for therapeutic decision making. Cancer 2003;98(3):508-15 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12879467/ doi: 10.1002/cncr.11526.
Myers JN, Greenberg JS, Mo V, Roberts D,. Extracapsular spread. A significant predictor of treatment failure in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue Cancer 2001;92:3030-6 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11753980/ doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(20011215)92:12<3030::aid-cncr10148>3.0.co;2-p.
Reinisch S, Kruse A, Bredell M, Lubbers HT, Gander T, Lanzer M. Is lymph-node ratio a superior predictor than lymph node status for recurrence-free and overall survival in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma? Ann Surg Oncol 2014;21(6):1912-8 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1245/s10434-014-3634-5
Patel SG, Amit M, Yen TC, Liao CT, Chaturvedi P, Agarwal JP, et al. International consortium for outcome research (ICOR) in head and neck cancer. Lymph node density in oral cavity cancer Br J Cancer 2013;109(8):2087-95 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24064974/ doi: 10.1038/bjc.2013.570.
Kademani D, Bell RB, Bagheri S, Holmgren E, Dierks, E, Potter B, et al. Prognostic factors in intraoral squamous cell carcinoma: the influence of histologic grade. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005;63(11):1599-605 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16243176/ doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2005.07.011.
Brandwein-Gensler M, Teixeira MS, Lewis CM, Lee B, Rolnitzky L, Hille JJ, Genden E, Urken ML, Wang BY Oral squamous cell carcinoma: histologic risk assessment, but not margin status, is strongly predictive of local disease-free and overall survival. Am J Surg Pathol 2005;29(2):167-78 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15644773/ doi: 10.1097/01.pas.0000149687.90710.21.
Duprez F, Berwouts D, De Neve W, Bonte K, Boterberg T, Deron P, et al. Distant metastases in head and neck cancer. Head Neck 2017;39(9): 1733-43 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28650113/ doi: 10.1002/hed.24687.
Park S, Han W, Kim J, Kim MK, Lee E, Yoo T-K, et al. Risk factors associated with distant metastasis and survival outcomes in breast cancer patients with locoregional recurrence J Breast Cancer 2015;18(2):160-6 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4490265/ doi: 10.4048/jbc.2015.18.2.160.
Kotwall C, Sako K, Razack MS, Rao U, Bakamjian V, Shedd DP, et al. Metastatic patterns in squamous cell cancer of the head and neck. Am J Surg 1987;154(4):439-42 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3661849/ doi: 10.1016/0002-9610(89)90020-2
Tsai W-C, Kung P-T, Wang S-T, Huang K-H, Liu S-A. Beneficial impact of multidisciplinary team management on the survival in different stages of oral cavity cancer patients: results of a nationwide cohort study in Taiwan Oral Oncol 2015;51(2):105-11 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25484134/ doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.11.006.
Marra A, Violati M, Broggio F, Codeca C, Blasi M, Luciani A, et al. Long-term disease-free survival in surgically-resected oral tongue cancer: a 10-year retrospective study Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 2019;39:84-91 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6522864/ doi:10.14639/0392-100X-2336
Ravasz LA, Slootweg PJ, Hordijk GJ, Smit F, Tweel van der I. The status of the resection margin as a prognostic factor in the treatment of head and neck carcinoma J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1991;19(7):314-8 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1752972/ doi: 10.1016/s1010-5182(05)80339-7.
Spiro RH, Guilamondegui O, Paulino AF, Huvos AG. Pattern of invasion and margin assessment in patients with oral tongue cancer. Head Neck 1999;21(5):408-13 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10402520/ doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0347(199908)21:5<408: aid-hed5>3.0.co;2-e.
Weiss MH, Harrison LB, Isaacs RS. Use of decision analysis in planning a management strategy for the stage N0 neck Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994;120(7):699-702 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8018319/ doi: 10.1001/archotol.1994.01880310005001.
Lundahl RE, Foote RL, Bonner JA, Suman VJ, Lewis JE, Kasperbauer JL, et al. Combined neck dissection and postoperative radiation therapy in the management of the high-risk neck: a match-pair analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 19998;40(3): 529-34 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9486600/ doi: 10.1016/s0360-3016(97)00817-1.
Bernier J, Domenge C, Ozsahin M, Matuszewska K, Lefebvre JL, Greiner RH, et al. Postoperative irradiation with or without concomitant chemotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004; 350(19): 1945-52. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15128894/ doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa032641.
Cooper JS, Pajak TF, Forastiere AA, Jacobs J, Campbell BH, Saxman SB, et al. Postoperative concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy for high-risk squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med 2004;350(19): 1937-44. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15128893/ doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa032646.
Pignon JP, Bourhis J, Domenge C, Designe L. Chemotherapy added to locoregional treatment for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: three meta-analysis of updated individual data. MACH-NC Collaborative Group. Meta-analysis of chemotherapy on head and neck cancer. Lancet. 2000; 355(9208): 949-55 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10768432/
Grant WE, Hopper C, Speight PM, Macrobert AJ, Bown SG Photodynamic therapy of malignant and premalignant lesions in patients with field cancerization of the oral cavity. J Laryngol Otol 1993;107(12):1140-5 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8289004/ doi: 10.1017/s0022215100125496.
Jerjes W, Hamdoon Z, Hopper C. Photodynamic therapy in the management of potentially malignant and malignant oral disorders Head Neck Oncology 2012;4:16 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3629701/ doi:10.1186/1758-3284-4-16
Lou PJ, Jager HR, Jones L, Theodossy T, Bown SG, Hopper C. Interstitial photodynamic therapy as salvage treatment for recurrent head and neck cancer Br J Cancer 2004;91(3):441-6 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15238981/ doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601993.
Grammatica A, Piazza C, Paderno A, Taglietti V, Marengoni A, Nicolai P. Free flaps in nead and neck reconstruction after oncologic surgery: expected outcomes in the elderly Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015;152(5):796-802 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25820590/ doi: 10.1177/0194599815576905.
Koo BS, Lim YC, Lee JS, Choi EC. Recurrence and salvage treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity Oral Oncol 2006;42(8):789-94 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16455287/ doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2005.11.016.
Calhoun KH, Fulmer P, Weiss R, Hokanson JA Distant metastases from head and neck squamous cell carcinomas Laryngoscope 1994;104(10):1199-205 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7934588/ doi: 10.1288/00005537-199410000-00003.
Tam S, Arasianova R, Low T-H, Warner A, Yoo J, Fung K, et al Estimating survival after salvage surgery for recurrent oral cavity cancer JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017;143(7):685-90 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28448645/ doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2017.0001.
Tan HK, Giger R, Auperin A, Bourhis J, Janot F, Temam S. Salvage surgery after concomitant chemoradiation in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas-stratification for postsalvage survival Head Neck. 2010;32(2):139-47 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19536855/ doi: 10.1002/hed.21159.
Esteller E, Vega MC, Lopez M, Quer M, Leon X. Salvage surgery after locoregional failure in head and neck carcinoma patients treated with chemoradiotherapy. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;268(2):295-301 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20721572/ doi: 10.1007/s00405-010-1365-1
Forastiere AA, Metch B, Schuller DE, Ensley JF, Hutchins LF, Triozzi P, et al. Randomized comparison of cisplatin plus fluorouracil and carboplatin plus fluorouracil versus methotrexate in advance squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a South west Oncology Group study J Clin Oncol 1992;10(8):1245-51 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1634913/ doi: 10.1200/JCO.1992.10.8.1245
Grunwald V, Chirovsky D, Cheung WY, Bertolini F, Ahn M-J, Yang M-H, et al. Global treatment patterns and outcomes among patients with recurrent and/or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Results of the GLANCE H&N study Oral Oncol 2020;102 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31978755/ doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2019.104526
Gibson MK, Li Y, Murphy B, Hussain MH, DeConti RC, Ensley J, et al. Randomized phase III evaluation of cisplatin plus fluorouracil versus cisplatin plus paclitaxel in advanced head and neck cancer (E1395): an intergroup trial to the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group J Clin Oncol 2005;23(15):3562-7 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15908667/ doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.01.057.
Gregoire V, Lefebvre J-L, Licitra L, Felip E, EHNS-ESMO-ESTRO Guidelines Working Group. Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: EHNS-ESMO-ESTRO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up Ann Oncol 2010;21(Suppl 5):v184-6 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20555077/ doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdq185
Vermorken JB, Mesia R, Rivera F, Remenar E, Kawecki A, Rottey S, et al.Platinum-based chemotherapy plus cetuximab in head and neck cancer N Engl J Med 2008;359(11):1116-27 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18784101/ doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0802656.)
Mroueh R, Nevala A, Haapaniemi A, Kotkaniemi J, Solo T, Makitie AA. Risk of second primary cancer in oral squamous cell carcinoma Head Neck 2020;42(8):1848-58 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32057158/ doi:10.1002/hed.26107
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
บทความที่ได้รับการตีพิมพิ์เป็นลิขสิทธิ์ของวารสารโรงพยาบาลชลบุรี