Factors Associated with Efficacy of Calcium Polystyrene Sulfonate among Patients with Mild Hyperkalemia

Authors

  • Ketkanok Kaenbun Pharmacy Department, Pattani Hospital

Keywords:

hyperkalemia, calcium polystyrene sulfonate, factors, spironolactone, glomerular filtration rate

Abstract

Background: Patients with mild hyperkalemia should be promptly treated with calcium polystyrene sulfonate (CPS) to reduce their serum potassium levels to normal rapidly and to prevent increasing to the level that affects life. However, in some cases, serum potassium levels may not decrease to the normal range despite the treatment.

Objective: To investigated factors associated with efficacy of CPS among patients with mild hyperkalemia.

Method: This retrospective case-control study was conducted in 686 mild hyperkalemia patients who received CPS at Pattani Hospital, Thailand. We divided the subjects into two groups. The first group consisted of 475 patients whose serum potassium levels decreased to a normal range after treatment with CPS, while the second group consisted of 211 patients whose serum potassium levels did not decreased to a normal range after treatment with CPS. We compared the two groups using a t-test, Fisher’s exact test and calculated the odds ratio in logistic regression analysis.

Results: We found a statistically significant association between the efficacy of CPS and having a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) less than 15 ml/min/1.73m2 (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43-3.01), as well as taking spironolactone (OR 3.08, 95% CI 1.29-7.37).

Conclusion: Factors that influenced the depletion of serum potassium to normal level in mild hyperkalemia patients receiving CPS were GFR less than 15 ml/min/1.73m² and concomitant use of spironolactone.

Author Biography

Ketkanok Kaenbun, Pharmacy Department, Pattani Hospital

M. Pharm.

References

Viera AJ, Wouk N. Potassium disorders: hypokalemia and hyperkalemia. Am Fam Physician. 2015;92(6):487-95. PMID: 26371733.

Flurie RW, Brophy DF. Chapter 51. Disorders of potassium and magnesium homeostasis. In: DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, Matzke GR, Wells BG, Posey L, editors. Pharmacotherapy: a pathophysiologic approach, 10th editon [Internet]. n.p.: McGraw Hill; 2017 [cited 2023 Jan 15]. Available from: https://accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1861&sectionid=134127639

Kraft MD, Btaiche IF, Sacks GS, Kudsk KA. Treatment of electrolyte disorders in adult patients in the intensive care unit. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2005;62(16):1663-82 doi: 10.2146/ajhp040300. PMID: 16085929.

นัทพล มะลิซ้อน, วีรชัย ไชยจามร. Management of water and electrolyte disorders. ใน: ดาราพร รุ้งพราย, ศยามล สุขขา, วีรชัย ไชยจามร, อุษณีย์ วนรรฆมณี, กมลวรรณ อ่อนละมัย, พิรดา วงษ์พิรา, บรรณาธิการ. คู่มือการดูแลผู้ป่วยโรคไตสำหรับเภสัชกร. พิมพ์ครั้งที่ 1. กรุงเทพฯ: ประชาชน; 2558. หน้า 127-152.

Mushiyakh Y, Dangaria H, Qavi S, Ali N, Pannone J, Tompkins D. Treatment and pathogenesis of acute hyperkalemia. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2012;1(4):1-6. doi: 10.3402/jchimp.v1i4.7372. PMID: 23882341; PMCID: PMC3714047.

Kowa company Ltd. Kalimate [database on internet]. Tokyo: Kowa company Ltd. [cited 2023 Jun 30]. Available from: https://medical.kowa.co.jp/asset/item/18/28/7-pse_046.pdf

Yu MY, Yeo JH, Park JS, Lee CH, Kim GH. Long-term efficacy of oral calcium polystyrene sulfonate for hyperkalemia in CKD patients. PLoS One. 2017;12(3):e0173542. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173542. PMID: 28328954; PMCID: PMC5362098.

Natale P, Palmer SC, Ruospo M, Saglimbene VM, Strippoli GF. Potassium binders for chronic hyperkalaemia in people with chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;6(6):CD013165. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013165.pub2. PMID: 32588430; PMCID: PMC7386867.

Loutradis C, Tolika P, Skodra A, Avdelidou A, Sarafidis PA. Prevalence of hyperkalemia in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease: a nested case-control study. Am J Nephrol. 2015;42(5):351-60. doi: 10.1159/000442393. PMID: 26599956.

Raebel MA. Hyperkalemia associated with use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers. Cardiovasc Ther. 2012;30(3):e156-66. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00258.x. PMID: 21883995.

Nash DM, Markle-Reid M, Brimble KS, McArthur E, Roshanov PS, Fink JC, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and risk of acute kidney injury and hyperkalemia in older adults: a population-based study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2019;34(7):1145-54. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfz062. PMID: 31264694; PMCID: PMC6603365.

Surabenjawong U, Thunpiphat N, Chatsiricharoenkul S, Monsomboon A. Prevalence of hyperkalemia in adult patients taking spironolactone and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. J Med Assoc Thai. 2013;96(8):905-10. PMID: 23991595.

Tamirisa KP, Aaronson KD, Koelling TM. Spironolactone-induced renal insufficiency and hyperkalemia in patients with heart failure. Am Heart J. 2004;148(6):971-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2004.10.005. PMID: 15632880.

Liamis G, Liberopoulos E, Barkas F, Elisaf M. Diabetes mellitus and electrolyte disorders. World J Clin Cases. 2014;2(10):488-96. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v2.i10.488.

Bengalorkar GM, Sarala N, Venkatrathnamma PN, Kumar TN. Effect of heparin and low-molecular weight heparin on serum potassium and sodium levels. J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2011;2(4):266-9. doi: 10.4103/0976-500X.85956.

Thomas CM, Thomas J, Smeeton F, Leatherdale BF. Heparin-induced hyperkalemia. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;80(2):e7-8. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2008.01.019.

Published

2023-08-03

How to Cite

1.
แก่นบุญ เ. Factors Associated with Efficacy of Calcium Polystyrene Sulfonate among Patients with Mild Hyperkalemia. Thai J Clin Pharm [Internet]. 2023Aug.3 [cited 2024Jul.23];29(2):117-29. Available from: https://thaidj.org/index.php/TJCP/article/view/14157

Issue

Section

Research Articles