The Development of Environmental Health Management of Special Economic Zone with Health Impact Assessment: a Case Study of Waste Management in Mukdahan, Thailand

Abstract

This action research applied the Health Impact Assessment (HIA) process as a mechanism for environmental health management. The objectives were to assess health impacts and establish measures to prevent and mitigate health effects with public participation. The study involved identifying health issues, collecting environmental data based on public concerns, and surveying environmental health impacts. Subsequently, a health risk assessment was performed, and recommendations for preventive and mitigating measures were developed collaboratively. The study found that the public had several concerning issues, including groundwater contamination with pathogens and chemicals, fly infestations, foul odors, unattractive scenery, noise pollution, airborne waste, soil degradation, and traffic congestion. However, groundwater contamination was the first issue that the public was concerned about. Groundwater samples were collected at distances of 165 and 200 meters from the landfill’s wastewater pond. The result indicated that the water was acidic (pH = 5.5) and contaminated with coliform bacteria and E. coli. Additionally, multiple heavy metal contaminants were detected, with arsenic - a known carcinogen — being of particular concern. The cancer risk assessment demonstrated that the level of risk was unacceptable. The overall environmental impact on the community surrounding the landfill was at a moderate level (Mean= 2.24±0.657).The most significant environmental impacts included disease-carrying flies, airborne waste, and foul odors. Based on the projected health impacts, recommendations were formulated for preventive and mitigating measures and environmental monitoring strategies. The participatory process enabled community members to exchange knowledge about health threats, access to additional information, and verification methods. This empowered them to implement preventive actions and disseminate information within their community to minimize health risks from the landfill. Therefore, relevant agencies should monitor the implementation of these measures, evaluate their effectiveness, and refine them for improved public health outcomes. Furthermore, the HIA-based environmental health management model should be applied to other areas facing similar issues.