Hepatic Hydrothorax
Keywords:
hepatic hydrothorax, pleural effusion, cirrhosis, portal hypertension, AscitesAbstract
Hepatic hydrothorax refers to the presence of a pleural effusion (usually >500 mL) in a patient with cirrhosis who does not have other reasons to have pleural effusion (e.g., cardiac, pulmonary, or pleural disease). Hepatic hydrothorax can be found in 5% to 15% of patients with underlying cirrhosis and portal hypertension and often reflects advanced liver disease. Patients who develop hepatic hydrothorax are more likely to have ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, acute kidney injury (AKI), and increased risk of mortality Patients with hepatic hydrothorax have a survival rate of 8-12 months. Symptoms vary depending on the amount of pleural effusion which can lead to respiratory failure. Management of hepatic hydrothorax is difficult because these patients usually have several comorbidities and the prone to complications. Management should be a multidisciplinary team. This article aims to review presentations, and diagnosis methods, and update multidisciplinary team management.
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